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Authors
Chanbour, Hani
Tang, Alan R.
Jain, Harsh
Lyons, Alexander T.
Jonzzon, Soren
Younus, Iyan
Roth, Steven G.
Abtahi, Amir M.
Stephens, Byron F.
Zuckerman, Scott L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-2942
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: Dr. Zuckerman reports being an unaffiliated neurotrauma consultant for the National Football League and a consultant for Medtronic. Dr. Stephens received institutional research support from Globus (ongoing) and Stryker (past). Dr. Abtahi received institutional research support from Stryker Spine. No other perceived conflict of interest by any of the listed authors.
: Waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.
: Vanderbilt University Medical Center (IRB#220,894).
