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Article History

Received: 15 October 2025

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Financial interests : Kento Yamanouchi, Iyan Younus, Kenneth Nguyen, Aiyush Bansal, and Timothy Reed declare they have no financial interests. Rafael Garcia de Oliveira is a paid consultant for Johnson & Johnson MedTech and Spineart. Philip K. Louie receives consulting fees from Viseon, Alphatec Spine, Dupy, and Johnson & Johnson along with being a member of AO Spine. Jean-Christophe Leveque receives consulting fees from SA-Bone and Nuvasive. Venu Nemani receives consulting fees from Medtronic, Nuvasive, Stryker, and ATEC. However, none of these interests corresponded with this specific manuscript, and no funds were received in support of this work. Non-financial interests : Kento Yamanouchi, Iyan Younus, Kenneth Nguyen, Aiyush Bansal, and Timothy Reed have no non-financial interests. Rafael Garcia de Oliveira is on the committee for DEI for the Scoliosis Research Society. Jean-Christophe Leveque is a board member of the Scoliosis Research Society and Lumbar Spine Research Society. Philip K. Louie is a committee member of AO Spine. Venu Nemani is involved in Title Page with Augmedics, Medtronic, Mighty Oak Medical, and Seaspine Orthopedics Corporation as a professional activity; he is part of the Education and Research Grants Committee for the Scoliosis Research Society and Cervical Spine Research Society and is on the scientific advisory board for the National Spine Health Foundation.

: This systematic review was based on previously published studies and did not involve direct access to individual patient data or identifiable information. Therefore, Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent were not required.