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Authors
Fletcher, Ian
Sterns, Alastair W.
Valenzuela-Moss, Jacquelyn N.
Tetreault, Tyler A.
Phan, Tiffany
Amaro, Efrain
Williams, Gerard K.
Andras, Lindsay M.
Heffernan, Michael J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-3367
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Southern California
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Article History
Received: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
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: Lindsay M. Andras, MD: Eli Lilly: Stock or stock Options, Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics: Editorial or governing board, Nuvasive: Paid consultant; Paid presenter or speaker, Orthobullets: Publishing royalties, financial or material support, Orthopediatrics: Royalties, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America: Board or committee member, Scoliosis Research Society: Board or committee member, Zimmer Biomet: Paid presenter or speaker. Michael J. Heffernan, MD: Orthopediatrics: Consultant, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America: Board or committee member, Scoliosis Research Society: Board or committee member. Authors Ian E. Fletcher, Alastair W. Sterns, Jacquelyn N. Valenzuela-Moss, Tyler A. Tetreault, Tiffany N. Phan, Efrain Amaro, and Gerard K. Williams declare that they have nothing to disclose.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study has been carried out with approval from the Institutional Review Board at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles.
: A waiver of informed consent was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles due to the retrospective nature of this study.
