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Authors
Watkins, Robert G. V
Chan, Vivien
Watterson, Christopher
Butterworth, Elaine
Illingworth, Kenneth D.
Skaggs, David L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-5576
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 23 May 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Competing Interests: R.W., V.C., C.W., and E.B. declare no conflicts of interests and have no disclosures. K.I. is a consultant for Alphatec and speaker for Highridge Medical. D.S. is a consultant for Highridge and Globus Medical and receives royalties from Medtronic, Highridge, Globus Medical, and Wolters Kluwer Health.
Ethical approval: This retrospective chart review study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of University B approved this study.
Consent to participate/publish: Not applicable.
