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Authors
Kobiela, Karol https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-3736
Smolina, Irina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8837-2911
Gruber, Konrad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-2473
Stopyra, Wojciech https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-2606
Karoluk, Michał https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3961-1517
Szczurek, Jolanta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-019X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju (Grant No. LIDER/24/0117/L-12/20/NCBR/2021)
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Revised: 20 February 2026
Accepted: 28 February 2026
First Online: 8 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.
: All authors confirm that the research was carried out in accordance with the principles of good scientific practice and the ethical standards of Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The manuscript is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
