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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52275398)
Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Programme (2023CXQD068)
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2025JJ80209)
Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (24B0013)
Project of State Key Laboratory of Metal Extrusion and Forging Equipment Technology (B2408100.W04)
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Revised: 16 March 2026
Accepted: 16 May 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
