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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (202404071313)
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Article History
Received: 13 September 2025
Accepted: 29 November 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, and all patients provided written informed consent for both the surgical procedure and use of their clinical data. Five fresh adult cadavers (10 knees in total) were obtained from Binzhou Medical University, all male, with approval from the local institutional review board.
