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Authors
Hoel, Ryan J.
Haselhuhn, Jason J.
Albersheim, Melissa S.
Yson, Sharon C.
Luna, Jeffrey Thomas P.
Soriano, Paul Brian O.
Sembrano, Jonathan N.
Odland, Kari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-2685
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Article History
Received: 10 May 2024
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: RH, JH, MA, SY, JL, and PS have no conflicts to disclose. JS declares institutional grant/research support from NuVasive and Orthofix.
: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this retrospective cohort review (STUDY00016397) approved on 3/9/2022. The study protocol was reviewed and was granted exemption authorization as no PHI was collected. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2024).
: Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective design and de-identification of patient data.
: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).
