Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: This article did not involve human participants, human data, or live vertebrates at any stage. It is a purely desk‑based scholarly work drawing exclusively on secondary data sources that are publicly available. Therefore, no ethical approval was required. The authors confirm that this evidence synthesis relied exclusively on secondary data drawn from publicly accessible and auditable sources, including peer-reviewed publications, institutional repositories, and open datasets provided by agencies such as the World Bank, OECD/INFE, Gallup, and other organizations maintaining transparent data-sharing infrastructures. No unpublished or proprietary datasets were used. All extracted data, analytic scripts, and quality-scoring rubrics are derived from materials already in the public domain, ensuring full compliance with the FAIR Data Principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). All handling and analysis procedures conform to the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, Article 89[1]), the OECD Privacy Guidelines (2013 update), and the APA Ethics Code Standard 8.14 (Sharing Research Data for Verification). Because the synthesis used publicly available, non-identifiable data, it did not constitute human-subjects research under the U.S. Common Rule (45 CFR 46) or equivalent ethical review frameworks in participating jurisdictions. Behavioral and physiological indicators, where cited, were included only when available in open, anonymized form (e.g., publicly released experimental datasets or administrative indicators without personal identifiers). No identifiable or restricted-access information was accessed, transmitted, or stored during this review.

: No human subjects were involved in this study. As such, informed consent to participate was not applicable. All data analyzed are from the public domain.

: No human subjects or identifiable personal data were included in this study. Accordingly, consent to publish was not applicable. All materials used are publicly accessible.