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Article History

Received: 11 July 2023

Accepted: 9 May 2024

First Online: 2 August 2024

Declarations

:

: (a) No committee was required to approve the research since human participants were not involved. We used secondary sources of quantitative data. (b) We confirm all research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved (e.g. Declaration of Helsinki, or similar). (c) Ethics approval was not expected for this research because we used secondary sources of data from the State of California and the U.S. Departments of Justice.

: We confirm informed consent is deemed not necessary for this research because we use government statistics that are under the category of secondary sources. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. No financial or non-financial interests are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.