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Article History

Received: 10 October 2024

Accepted: 10 February 2025

First Online: 17 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was approved by the doctoral committee of the institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.

: The research involved human participants. Interviews and other conversations were accompanied by an unambiguous informed consent declaration. I explained clearly to my research participants the key facts about the study and what their participation would involve. Consent was necessary due to the sensitivity of ID-related research. I made them aware of the fact that, although the study was academic, part of it may be published for other people to read. All audio recordings were obtained out of the full consent of participants. Interestingly, all the respondents somewhat refused anonymity. Following Bryman and Bell () and the three ethical principles—respect, beneficence and justice—of the Belmont report, this work considered relevant ethical approaches in qualitative research.

: The author declares no competing interest.