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Article History

Received: 29 March 2024

Accepted: 2 May 2025

First Online: 16 June 2025

Declarations

:

: No conflicts of interest to disclose. This study was granted an exemption from requiring ethical approval since analyses have been carried out at ISTAT’s Laboratory for the Analysis of Elementary Data (ADELE) personally and there is no way to access this data except by physically going to ISTAT’s Laboratory for the Analysis of Elementary Data and working on a PC remotely without any possibility of saving the dataset on a personal computer. According to ISTAT instructions, the following statement must be included: Data analysed in this article are from the Italian National Statistics Institute (ISTAT) and refer to the 2011 Italian Census. Analyses were carried out at ISTAT’s Laboratory for the Analysis of Elementary Data (ADELE) in compliance with the regulations on the protection of statistical confidentiality and personal data protection. The results and opinions expressed in this article are solely of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Istat. Analyses were carried out without using weights.

: No informed consent was necessary since, as explained in the “Ethical approval” section, analyses have been carried out at ISTAT’s Laboratory for the Analysis of Elementary Data (ADELE) according to the strict rules of the Italian National Institute of Statistics.

: No funds, grants, or other support was received.