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Article History

Received: 5 March 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

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: The ethical clearance certificate applies to the present study. The authors of the submitted paper did not receive support from any organization. This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the second author’s affiliation. The participants provided written informed consent and were aware that participation was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any time. This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Business and Economics, Hawassa University (Approval Body: Research Ethics Committee, College of Business and Economics, Hawassa University). The research was approved under reference number Ref-No-CBE-RTT-81//2024 on 20 October 2024. All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The approval covers the full scope of the study, including data collection through interviews and questionnaires involving community members and police officers. No part of the research commenced prior to receiving ethical clearance.

: The questionnaire consisted of items aimed at collecting basic demographic information, such as age and gender. The author submitting a manuscript, the author agrees that the copyright for the article is transferred to the publisher if and when the article is accepted for publication. For that purpose the author needs to sign the Consent to publish which will be sent with the first proofs of the manuscript.

: The authors have no competing interests pertinent to the context of this article to declare.