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Authors
Wang, Xiao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-4832
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2024
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board at Rochester Institute of Technology approved the research protocols (i.e., to conduct a survey and to use group chats) in May 2022. The approval numbers were HSRO #01051122 and #02051122, respectively. Per #01051122, survey participants viewed an informed consent form before voluntarily completing the survey. Per #02051122, the use of group chats (also considered textual analysis or non-participant observation) was exempt from the requirement to obtain informed consent. All group chats and responses remained confidential to the extent allowed by law.
: Not applicable.
: No known conflicts of interest exist.
