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Article History

Received: 9 February 2025

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Davao del Norte State College.

: Informed consent was obtained from all informants in this study. They were provided with details about the research purpose and how their data would be utilized. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants had the right to withdraw their consent and discontinue involvement at any time without consequence.

: On behalf of the authors, the corresponding author declares that there is no potential conflict of interest in relation to this article.