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Authors
Shakeel, Adnan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-376X
Ansari, Nabiel
Shazli, Tasneem
Ahmad, Shazada
Ahmed, Farid
Naqvi, Hasan Raja
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: According to the policy of Jamia Millia islamia formal ethical approval is not required for anonymous online surveys that do not collect sensitive personal data. All necessary information was clearly stated in the online questionnaire, and participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous.
: The present study adhered to ethical research principles, ensuring voluntary participation and informed consent. The first page of the online Google questionnaire included a clear statement informing participants about the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any stage without any consequences. Participants were required to provide their informed consent before proceeding with the questionnaire. By selecting the consent option and continuing with the survey, respondents acknowledged that they understood the purpose of the study, their role in it, and the confidentiality measures in place to protect their responses. No personally identifiable information was collected, ensuring complete anonymity. This declaration confirms that all participants voluntarily consented to take part in the study, and their responses were gathered in compliance with ethical research standards.
: The authors confirm that they have read and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication in SN Social Sciences. The authors also declare that this work is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
: The authors, declares that there are no conflicts of interest or competing interests related to this research. The study was conducted independently, without any financial, institutional, or personal relationships that could have influenced the findings, interpretations, or conclusions. No external funding, sponsorship, or affiliations have impacted the objectivity of this research.
