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Article History

Received: 2 May 2026

Accepted: 28 July 2026

First Online: 5 August 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: Not applicable. This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available survey data (Afrobarometer Round 8, Ghana, 2019). No primary data collection involving human participants was undertaken by the authors, and ethics committee approval was therefore not required.

Consent to participate: Not applicable. The study uses secondary, de-identified data; informed consent was obtained by Afrobarometer at the point of original data collection.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript contains no individual person’s data in any form.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.