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Authors
Ahmad, Ali Umar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0296-8093
Abubakar, Atiku Muhammad
Muhammad, Maikudi
Ahmad, Inuwa Mukhtar
Sani, Bashir Yakubu
Abdullahi, Ahmad Tijjani
Shiaibu, Hussaini
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2024
Accepted: 2 January 2025
First Online: 8 February 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest. This research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We further declare that all co-authors, if any, have been appropriately acknowledged and have consented to the submission of this manuscript. Any conflicts of interest have been disclosed, and the work has been conducted in accordance with ethical standards and guidelines.
: This study did not involve human participants; therefore, no informed consent was required. However, the research was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and standards to ensure that all data used in the analysis were ethically sourced. All secondary data utilized were publicly available and obtained from legitimate sources, with no personal or sensitive information collected.
