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Article History

Received: 22 April 2024

Accepted: 16 April 2025

First Online: 27 May 2025

Declarations

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: We, the authors, hereby declare that this submission is entirely our own work, in our own words, and that all sources used in researching it are fully acknowledged and all quotations are properly identified. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This research does not involve human participants or animals and is an original study based on publicly available data. This paper is based on the United Nations for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Comtrade, the World Bank development indicator, CEPII, and the Regional Economic Communities database, which is publicly available upon institutional request. There is no need for ethical approval or consent.

: We, the authors, give our consent for the publication of identifiable details in the manuscript to be published in the SN Business & Economics Journal. No further institutional approval is needed.