Onsay, Emmanuel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8225-0908
Alinsunurin, Jason https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-3949
Rabajante, Jomar F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0655-0893
Funding for this research was provided by:
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINE LOS BANOS AND PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY (POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH GRANT)
Article History
Received: 27 September 2024
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: The study received approval from Partido State University and the University of the Philippines Los BaƱos to proceed with its conduct. The Goa, Camarines Sur Local Government Unit has granted authorization for the dissemination, utilization, manipulation, analysis, and application of the processed data outputs. The researchers voluntarily performed the data analysis and procedures and were not part of any experimental setup. The data utilized in this study are of a socioeconomic nature, indirectly acquired, and not involving any laboratory work. As a result, ethical clearances are not necessary. Furthermore, the study does not encompass any animal testing, direct involvement of human volunteers, or acquisition of data from social media platforms.