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Authors
Treiber, Kyle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-0576
Svensson, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6080-2780
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Economic and Social Research Council (L330 25 3002)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E021042/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K010646/1)
Vetenskapsrådet (2012-05545)
Vetenskapsrådet (2023-01454)
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Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 31 January 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
: PADS + has been approved by the University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology Ethics Committee and meets the UK Economic and Social Research Council's (ESRC's) requirements for research ethics. MINDS has been approved by Swedish Ethical Review Authority dnr. 201/2007, dnr. 2014/826, dnr. 2023–06142-01.
: PADS + and MINDS participants provided active consent to take part in the study in each data collection
