Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 May 2025

Accepted: 11 August 2025

First Online: 15 October 2025

Declarations

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest, whether financial, commercial, or personal, that has contributed to the development of this article. The exploration, observations, and conclusions presented are the result of independent academic work, without being influenced by financial or institutional factors from third parties.

: Likewise, no funding has been accepted from private or governmental organizations that would affect the study’s results. All opinions expressed in this article are solely based on scientific and academic judgments, with the goal of contributing to the construction of knowledge around CE and its application in the armed forces.

: The use of institutional information in this article was validated and authorized by the Communications Department of the National Army of Colombia through document number 2024229033693093, dated December 11, 2024.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no known financial conflicts of interest or personal relationships that could have influenced the work presented in this article.