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Article History

Received: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study implemented all the procedures, including “human participants,” in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration 1964 and its later amendments, and also with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee. Research Ethics Committee (REC) at the University of Ha’il, Saudi Arabia, approved the procedures for the recruitment of participants. The authors of this study confirmed that research was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee (REC) at the University of Ha’il. It was not required to obtain the formal informed consent from the participants, as there was no personal information of the participants and there were no potential risks in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements. However, participants were fully informed of the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without consequence. No vulnerable persons, such as minors or patients, were involved, so no additional parental consent was required. The study adhered to the relevant ethical guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.