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Authors
Mmbughu, Ahadiel Elirehema https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1452-306X
Katundu, Mangasini Athanas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-9273
Mrimi, Meda Theodory
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2024
Accepted: 5 March 2025
First Online: 1 April 2025
Declarations
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: The protocol of this study was approved by the approved the Vice Chancellor of Moshi Co-operative University on behalf of the by Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) (MoCU/UGS/3/41). The study strictly followed the guidelines for writing concept notes, proposals, research reports, dissertations and theses.fourth edition July, 2020.
: Written informed consent was obtained for each participant. They were reassured that their participation is voluntary and that they were free to withdraw at any time. In addition, all information was gathered anonymously and handled confidentially.
: The reliance on cross-sectional data limited the analysis of trends and causal relationships over time. Future research should address these limitations by adopting longitudinal data to analyze welfare trends and causal dynamics over time.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
