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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 15 April 2025

First Online: 26 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The study obtained ethical clearance from the Ethics Committee at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Exp.: CE25-AA11). All the companies interviewed have explicitly consented to participate in the study. The names of the companies referenced in the study as interviewees have provided explicit consent for their inclusion (the response form completed by each company can be provided upon request). Companies that did not provide consent to be explicitly mentioned are referred to as anonymous.

: The study collected information related to companies and their transition toward Industry 5.0. Although interviews were conducted with individuals in professional roles, informed consent was obtained prior to participation. No personal data were gathered, and no identifiable information is included or published. At no point can any result be linked to a specific individual, ensuring full confidentiality and anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.