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Article History

Received: 7 December 2024

Accepted: 5 May 2025

First Online: 23 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Department of Economics, Laboratory of Social and Solidarity Economy, Governance and Development, Cadi Ayyad University. The study, its questionnaire, and methodology were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Economics at Cadi Ayyad University on January 20, 2023. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Each participant was fully informed about the purpose, procedures, and potential impacts of the research, and their participation was voluntary.

: Anonymized findings derived from the study was also obtained from all participants. No personally identifiable information was included in the manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The author states that the manuscript is honest, truthful, and transparent, that no key aspects of the investigation have been omitted, and that any differences from the study as planned have been clarified. This study followed all writing ethics.

: This manuscript is submitted exclusively to Discover Sustainability, and any unauthorized publication or distribution without the author’s consent is strictly prohibited.