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Article History

Received: 23 November 2024

Accepted: 13 May 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI). Ethical approval was granted on August 22, 2023, under reference number No. IIUI/ORIC/Bioethics/110. The research, which involved university students, adhered to the IIUI Research Ethics Guidelines. For experiments involving human participants, informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Participants were fully informed of the nature of the research, the procedures involved, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. In cases where participants were under 18, consent was obtained from a parent and/or legal guardian. The confidentiality of all participant data was ensured, and no data was shared without prior consent. The study complies with ethical standards for research involving human participants as outlined by IIUI's Institutional Ethical Review Committee.

: All authors have given their consent for the publication of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.