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Authors
Ouyang, Huizi
Ur Rehman, Shafiq
Ness, Stephanie
Ahmad, Ahmad Y. A. Bani
Altrawneh, Hussien Ahmad Kalil
Allahham, Mahmoud
Ullah, Naqeeb
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Article History
Received: 10 July 2024
Accepted: 15 May 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The research was conducted in compliance with the ethical guidelines of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Lahore. The protocol was approved by the IRB at the University of Lahore, in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. All procedures followed the ethical standards for research involving human subjects as set forth by the committee.
: Not applicable.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Each participant was provided with comprehensive information about the purpose, nature, and potential impacts of the research. Participants gave their voluntary consent to participate, understanding that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any repercussions. For participants under the age of 16, consent was obtained from their parent or legal guardian.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
