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Article History

Received: 15 March 2025

Accepted: 9 July 2025

First Online: 29 July 2025

Declarations

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: The study adhered to ethical research practices, including obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality of responses, and using data exclusively for academic purposes. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Postgraduate Program & Research at Mogadishu University in Mogadishu, Somalia (date: 01.08.2024, Decision No 23). This study adhered to ethical guidelines, with voluntary participation and written informed consent obtained from all government employees. Participants were informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and their right to withdraw. Confidentiality was maintained throughout. All participants involved in this study provided their informed consent prior to participation. They were informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences, and the measures taken to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. Participation was entirely voluntary, and no incentives were provided that could influence the participants’ decisions to take part in the study.

: The authors affirm that the participants provided their consent for the anonymized findings of this study to be published in academic and scientific outlets. No personal identifying information is included in the publication, ensuring that the privacy and confidentiality of all participants have been maintained throughout the reporting and dissemination of the study findings.

: The authors declare no competing interests.