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Authors
Al-Assaf, Ghazi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0240-3570
Abdel-Halim, Morad
Shehadeh, Maha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-5006
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Article History
Received: 13 December 2024
Accepted: 10 July 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study relies on secondary data collected from publicly available sources, ensuring compliance with all applicable data use and ethical guidelines. No human participants were involved in this research.
: Not applicable.
: This study uses secondary data obtained from publicly available sources and complies with ethical guidelines for academic research.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
