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Authors
Sumi, Ayesha Akter https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1699-1572
Awang, Jaffary Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-9392
Haque, Rasheedul https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-5413
Qazi, Sayeeduzzafar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-3166
Rahman, Nur Farhana Abdul https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-8411
Senathirajah, Abdul Rahman Bin S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-9051
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 4 August 2025
Declarations
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: Formal ethical approval has been waived by the Institutional Review Board of MAHSA University Malaysia. This decision falls under Category 2: Educational Testing, Survey Procedures, Interview Procedures, and Observation of Public Behavior, as outlined in the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regulations for the protection of human subjects (45 CFR 46.101(b)) criteria. This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, following strict ethical standards. Participation was anonymous, confidential, and voluntary, with informed oral consent obtained from all participants. Participants had the freedom to withdraw from the study at any point.
: All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
