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Article History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 31 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This research involved a minimal-risk survey of Indonesian tourism sector SMEs owners and employees. The study protocol was submitted to the Telkom University Ethics Committee, which determined that it was exempt from formal ethics review in accordance with institutional and national research ethics guidelines. All participants provided informed consent before completing the survey, and their responses were collected anonymously.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.