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Article History

Received: 1 May 2025

Accepted: 20 July 2025

First Online: 28 July 2025

Declarations

:

: was not required as the study involved an anonymous survey of Muslim travellers. All participants provided informed consent. Clinical trial is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study. Before beginning the survey, respondents were provided with an information sheet outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, data usage, and storage protocols. They were informed that participation was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent was obtained through explicit agreement to participate in research on the role of AI assistants in halal tourism decision-making, with an understanding that their responses would be used for academic research purposes. Only respondents who clicked “I agree to participate” after reviewing the information sheet were able to proceed with the survey.