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Authors
Park, Jooho
Watanabe, Kentaro
Akasaka, Fumiya
Fujii, Sayaka
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPF2115)
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 29 July 2025
First Online: 11 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved a survey conducted during doctoral studies when institutional review processes were generally not applied for this type of general survey research in the university and department. The survey was distributed by mail with informed consent obtained through written disclosure, stating participants could discontinue participation anytime, data would be used for research only, and personal information would be encrypted without individual identification. The study did not involve clinical trials or sensitive information. Prior to this journal submission, the need for ethical approval was waived by the Ergonomics Experiment Committee, which is part of the ethics committee of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (approval number 2024–1443), because the study involved a general survey conducted during doctoral studies, which, according to the institutional guidelines at the time, did not require formal ethical review, and it did not involve clinical trials or sensitive personal information. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
: All participants were provided with written information about the study at the beginning of the survey, including details about the research purpose, voluntary nature of participation, right to withdraw at any time, and data protection measures. Completion and return of the questionnaire was considered as implicit consent to participate in the study. No identifying information was collected, and all data were anonymized during the analysis process.
: All participants were provided with written information about the study at the beginning of the survey, including details about the research purpose, voluntary nature of participation, right to withdraw at any time, and data protection measures. Completion and return of the questionnaire was considered as implicit consent to participate in the study. No identifying information was collected, and all data were anonymized during the analysis process.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
