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Article History

Received: 29 March 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Mercu Buana, in accordance with institutional guidelines and national regulations for research involving human participants. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. No participants under the age of 18 were included.

: Participants provided consent for anonymized data to be used and published for academic research purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This manuscript has been posted as a preprint at SSRN, available at: 

: This manuscript will undergo a double-blind peer review process.