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Article History

Received: 6 March 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The author conducted this study as their requirement for graduation from COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus. The research protocol together with the questionnaire received approval from the Departmental Review Committee which follows the university ethical requirements for graduate research. Approval for the thesis was granted by the departmental committee alongside an external examiner. The research participants received information about the study’s purpose before giving their consent to participate. The research followed all rules and ethical norms defined by the institution. All participants provided informed consent to participate in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.