Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 January 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 23 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Human Resources Ethics Committee (HREC), non-medical, at the Marketing Department, Faculty of Business, Leeds University, London. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures involving human participants followed institutional ethical standards as well as relevant national and international guidelines and regulations. All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study, ensuring voluntary participation, confidentiality, and anonymity throughout the research process. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were informed that they had the right to withdraw at any stage without any consequences. In line with Njie and Asimiran (2014), participants were reminded that no individual should be forced to take part in research.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection. As the study followed a quantitative approach, respondents were clearly informed that participation in the questionnaire was voluntary, and no identifying personal information was collected. Participants were adults aged between 18 and 43, drawn from Jordan and other countries.

: The authors declare no competing interests.