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Authors
Setiawan, Tomi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8537-1932
Myrna, Rita https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0776-7979
Isnawati, Neneng Weti https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0063-9297
Samith, Muhammad Farras https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9974-1126
Mughits, Muhammad Hammam https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6135-497X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Padjadjaran
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2024
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical clearance and was formally licensed by the local National Unity and Political Organization Agency (Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik) in accordance with local regulations and policies. The research design did not involve invasive procedures or the collection of sensitive personal information beyond what participants were willing to share. All research activities were conducted in accordance with Indonesian ethical standards and local norms in the Pangandaran coastal area. Prior to data collection, informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the survey. Each respondent was provided with a thorough explanation of the study’s purpose, the type of data being collected, and how the data would be used. Participation was voluntary, and participants had the right to refuse or withdraw at any time without consequence. All participants agreed to take part in the research before the survey was conducted.
: All participants granted consent for their anonymized responses to be used for publication purposes. The data have been presented in a manner that ensures individual participants cannot be identified, thereby ensuring full confidentiality and compliance with ethical standards. The publication of this research adheres to the commitments made to participants during the consent process.
: Informed consent was obtained from every participant before their involvement in the survey. The process followed ethical standards approved by the National Unity and Political Organization Agency (Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik). Participants were clearly informed about the research objectives, the types of data to be collected, and how their information would be utilized. The research respected the rights, dignity, and privacy of each respondent throughout the study, and data collection was carried out under the framework of an official research permit.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
