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Article History

Received: 29 November 2024

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 19 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and standards. No ethical concerns were identified, and all necessary approvals and consents were obtained where applicable. This study was conducted as part of an academic assignment at INTI International University and was registered under Reference No: INTI/UEC/2025/028. While formal institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required for this classroom-based research, the study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (WMA, 2013) and followed the academic ethical guidelines of INTI International University. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, and voluntary consent was obtained prior to participation. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained, and no invasive procedures were involved. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality of the participants’ identities and responses was strictly maintained. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including those set forth by the INTI International University Research Ethics Committee and in compliance with ethical research practices involving human subjects. Participants provided informed consent before taking part in this study. They were briefed on the study’s purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured, and participation was entirely voluntary.

: Participants provided informed consent for the publication of the study’s findings. They were assured that all data would be presented anonymously and used solely for academic research purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.