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Article History

Received: 5 May 2025

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study protocol was reviewed in accordance with the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) Regulation No. 4.5, dated 27 February 2014, which outlines ethical standards for research and knowledge generation. In accordance with Paragraphs 4.5.2 (a) and 4.5.3 (a), which emphasize respect for research subjects and the objectivity of research conduct, it was confirmed that formal ethical approval was not required for this non-interventional study. All research activities were performed in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, as well as relevant institutional and national guidelines/regulations. Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, and no primary data collection was conducted. Therefore, consent to participate was not required.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or case details), and publication consent is therefore not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests