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Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). Accordingly, approval to carry out this research and publish the manuscript was granted by the MoCU. All potential respondents who participated in the study provided their informed consent. The research adhered to key ethical principles, including maintaining confidentiality, ensuring voluntary participation, and respecting the rights of all participants. The purpose and importance of the study were clearly explained to the respondents, and all respondents were given the freedom to decide whether to take part without facing any negative consequences. As a result, all participants took part willingly, without any form of pressure or coercion. Furthermore, all authors involved in this study actively contributed throughout the research process and were dedicated to participate up to final revision of this manuscript.

: Authors agreed to let the paper published when considered for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.