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Article History

Received: 27 April 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: A questionnaire-based survey of smallholder farmers was used in this study. The research quality assurance team of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) evaluated and approved the study’s methodology and questionnaire. The study protocols were in accordance with the ethical guidelines of EIAR and followed the protocols adhered to in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants in this study were adult smallholder farmers in Guliso district of Ethiopia, aged 18 years and older. The entire participant in the study provided their informed consent. Vulnerable populations, including children, were excluded from the study. These precautions were taken in accordance with ethical guidelines for research on human subjects, ensuring that the rights and well-being of all participants were a priority.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.