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Authors
Muhammad, Musa https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1316-7071
Al Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4414-7277
Ali, Md Ashraf
Hossain, Md. Mamun
Tarin, Naima Khan
Hossain, Balayet https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2227-3042
Mostafa, Rehnuma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4882-6990
Ahmed, Hasan
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2025
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study received ethical clearance from Sa’adu Zungur University, Bauchi State, Nigeria (Reference: BASUG/FMS/BAD/EAL/2023/0022, dated June 10, 2023), in compliance with established ethical guidelines. Informed consent was also obtained from all respondents, who were assured that their participation in the research was entirely voluntary. The authors confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
: We hereby declare that all authors have consented to the publication of this manuscript. Additionally, all authors confirmed that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by any other journal.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
