Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved human participants through professional interviews, group discussions, and participatory workshops. At the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), an ethical review of doctoral research is conducted during the Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) process. Accordingly, the research protocol, including data collection and consent procedures, was reviewed and approved by the doctoral supervisor and the Doctoral Committee, as part of the ATC process. The committee determined that it was not necessary to submit the proposal for formal ethics approval, even though human participants were involved, as the study qualifies for exemption in accordance with AIT Policies and Procedures. The study was conducted in accordance with AIT’s research ethics guidelines and the ethical principles of voluntary participation, informed consent, and confidentiality. Informed Consent was obtained from all the participants.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.