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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Mzumbe University. Formal permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor—Academic, Research and Consultancy. All participants were informed of the study’s purpose and assured of confidentiality. Participation was voluntary, and no personally identifiable information was obtained.

: Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Participation was voluntary and confirmed using an online consent form embedded in the questionnaire.

: All data used in this study were anonymised and presented solely for academic and research purposes. Consent to publish anonymised responses was obtained from all the participants.