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Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 10 October 2025

First Online: 27 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved the voluntary participation of farmers through survey interviews. Ethical approval was not required according to institutional guidelines. However, all participants were fully informed of the study purpose and assured of confidentiality. The protocol for this study was approved by Shandong University in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. The study was conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and involved human participants (farmers). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The research adhered to ethical guidelines stipulated by Shandong University’s IRB and followed national regulations on human research ethics. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: All participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, methods, and intended use of the collected data. Participation was voluntary, with the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained, and written consent was obtained for any sensitive information.

: Sufyan Ullah declares he is an Editorial Board Member of Discover Sustainability and confirms that he was not involved in the handling or decision-making of their own submission.