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Article History

Received: 6 June 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The initial review and approval of this study’s proposal were conducted by the Academic Commission (AC) of the Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension in the 2023 academic year, prior to Bahir Dar University’s adoption of its standard ethical review procedures. Following this, the authors sought and received retrospective ethical clearance from the department’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB evaluated the research proposal, data collection tools, and participant consent protocols. After assessment, the University confirmed that the study adhered to ethical guidelines and granted official IRB approval on April 3, 2023.

: This study followed all applicable institutional guidelines and ethical standards in its methods and procedures. Prior to participation, each respondent received a detailed verbal explanation in Amharic language covering: (1) the research objectives and methodology, (2) potential risks and benefits, (3) the voluntary nature of participation and (4) confidentiality measures including data anonymization procedures. Written consent was obtained from literate participants using Amharic language forms, while oral consent was audio-recorded for non-literate participants in accordance with Bahir Dar university ethical protocols. Participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw at any stage without penalty, and all questions were addressed before commencing interviews. Data collectors received training on maintaining respectful engagement throughout the process, with particular attention to vulnerable groups women-headed households.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.