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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 30 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval is not applicable to this study. The research exclusively involves computational modeling, optimization algorithms, and simulation-based analysis of hybrid energy systems. No human participants, animal subjects, or sensitive data collections requiring ethical review were involved. Consent to participate is not required. This study utilizes anonymized, publicly available building energy demand datasets and meteorological data for system simulations. No individual-level data or personal identifiers are included in the analysis.

: All authors provide explicit consent for the publication of this manuscript. The submitted work is original, has not been published elsewhere, and all coauthors approve its submission to this journal. The manuscript contains no proprietary data requiring third-party consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.