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Authors
Quang, Phung Duy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7594-9814
Thinh, Bui Duc
Diep, Tran Thi Bich
Trang, Ha Quynh
Duyen, Vuong Thanh
Van Bach, Nguyen
Ha, Ho Hai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
Foreign Trade University, Viet Nam (FTURP02-2023-13)
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable. This study uses aggregated, publicly available secondary data from institutions like the World Bank and the IMF. No human or animal subjects were involved.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
