Hasan, Zainul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-9378
Sari, Dyah Wulan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-6513
Islamiya, Haura Azzahra Tarbiyah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2015-4344
Masnan, Faiz https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6720-972X
Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
:
: This article does not involve any studies with human or animal participants. This article does not require consent as the data used are macro-level or secondary data.
: Consent to publish is granted as the study relies solely on secondary data that are publicly available in the World Development Indicators and Climate Change Data Dashboard repositories. No individual, confidential, or proprietary data are involved.
: Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: The authors declare that this manuscript is original, has not been previously published, and is not currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. No other persons have satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed